Kandy Esala Perahera

Kandy Esala Perahera

The Kandy Esala Perahera, also known as The Festival of the Tooth, is a revered cultural event held annually in July and August in the picturesque city of Kandy, Sri Lanka. This historical procession serves as a vibrant tribute to the Sacred Tooth Relic of Buddha, enshrined at the renowned Sri Dalada Maligawa.

This cherished festival, deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric of Sri Lanka, showcases a mesmerizing array of traditional local dances, including captivating fire dances and performances adorned in whip-dance attire. These rich displays of heritage and artistry enchant spectators, offering a glimpse into the country’s vibrant cultural heritage.

The culmination of the festival is marked by the poignant Diya-kepeema ritual, a symbolic water cutting ceremony conducted at the serene Mahaweli River in Getambe, Kandy. This solemn finale encapsulates the spiritual essence of the event, symbolizing purification and renewal.

As a unique symbol of Sri Lanka’s rich cultural heritage and religious devotion, the Kandy Esala Perahera stands as a testament to the nation’s enduring traditions and spiritual reverence.

History

The Esala Perahera, a fusion of two interconnected processions – the Esala and Dalada Peraheras – bears profound historical significance in Sri Lanka’s cultural tapestry. Dating back to antiquity, these rituals intertwine ancient traditions and religious reverence.

The origins of the Esala Perahera trace back to the 3rd century BC, where it served as a solemn plea to the gods for rainfall during the dry season. This ancient ritual, steeped in tradition, reflects the agrarian society’s reliance on the natural elements for sustenance and prosperity.

In contrast, the Dalada Perahera emerged during the 4th century CE, marking a pivotal moment in Sri Lanka’s religious history. It commemorates the sacred journey of the Tooth Relic of Lord Buddha, transported from India to Sri Lanka, nearly eight hundred years after the Buddha’s passing. Legend has it that Princess Hemamala and Prince Dantha undertook this sacred mission, carrying the revered relic with great reverence and devotion.

Together, these intertwined processions symbolize the harmonious blend of faith, tradition, and cultural heritage that define the essence of the Kandy Esala Perahera. Through centuries of evolution, this grand spectacle continues to captivate hearts and minds, serving as a testament to Sri Lanka’s enduring spiritual legacy.

Modern Perahera

The inception of the modern Perahera can be traced back to the illustrious era of the Kingdom of Kandy, a period of cultural and religious renaissance in Sri Lanka. However, the tradition of venerating the Tooth Relic through procession predates this era by over 1,500 years.

A pivotal figure in shaping the Kandy Esala Perahera was Upali Thera, whose visionary efforts reshaped the focus of the procession. Originally centered around honoring Brahminical deities integrated into Sri Lankan Buddhism, Upali Thera advocated for a shift towards a more purely Buddhist orientation. His influence prompted the king to decree, “Henceforth gods and men are to follow the Buddha,” signaling a definitive transition in the festival’s ethos.

Following the British annexation of the Kandyan Kingdom in 1815, custodianship of the Tooth Relic passed into the hands of the Maha Sangha, the Buddhist Clergy. In the absence of royal authority, a chief lay custodian known as the “Diyawadana Nilame” assumed responsibility for the relic’s administration and care, ensuring its preservation and reverence continued unabated.

The Procession

The commencement of the Kandy Esala Perahera is marked by the sacred ritual known as the Kap Situveema or Kappa. During this auspicious ceremony, a consecrated young Jackfruit tree (Artocarpus integrifolia) is ceremoniously cut and planted within the premises of each of the four Devales, venerating the guardian deities Natha, Vishnu, Katharagama, and the goddess Pattini.

Rooted in tradition, the Kap Situveema is imbued with symbolic significance, serving as a gesture of divine blessing upon both the monarch and the populace. This time-honored ritual symbolizes the spiritual unity between the kingdom’s rulers and its people, fostering a sense of collective reverence and communal harmony that resonates throughout the grand procession.

The Kumbal Perahera

During the Kumbal Perahera, spanning five captivating nights, the vibrant spectacle unfolds within the sacred precincts of the four Devales. Each evening, the respective priests of these Devales lead the procession, bearing aloft the symbolic pole amidst a resplendent array of music, drumming, and ceremonial regalia.

Accompanying the priests are a host of devotees, including flag and canopy bearers, spearman, and custodians of the revered Ran Ayudha – the divine gold Armaments symbolizing the Gods’ sacred authority.

As dusk descends on the sixth night, the Kumbal Perahera commences, embarking on a journey that will captivate the senses for the ensuing five days. Initially congregating in front of the Temple of the Tooth, the spiritual epicenter of Sri Lanka, where the venerated Sacred Tooth Relic of the Buddha has been enshrined since the 16th century, the Devale Peraheras converge, their insignias adorning the majestic ransivige – a dome-like structure of profound significance.

Standing alongside are the esteemed Basnayake Nilames, the custodians entrusted with the solemn responsibility of safeguarding the Devales’ sacred heritage. Together, they form a tableau of devotion and reverence, heralding the commencement of the revered Kumbal Perahera with solemnity and grace.

Ceremonial Tusker carrying the Sacred Casket

As the resplendent procession unfolds, the ceremonial Tusker assumes its revered role in carrying the replica of the Sacred Casket, a symbolic representation of the revered Tooth Relic. Nestled within the ornate ransivige atop the majestic Maligawa Elephant, the Maligawa Perahera joins the ranks of the awaiting Devale Peraheras, leading the grand spectacle with grace and solemnity.

Ahead of the procession, whip-crackers and fireball acrobats pave the way, their rhythmic performances clearing a path for the procession’s majestic advance. Following closely behind are the Buddhist flag bearers, their vibrant banners fluttering in reverence to the sacred occasion.

Riding atop the first elephant is the esteemed Peramuna Rala, the Front Official, exuding regal authority as he leads the procession forward. The rhythmic beats of the Kandyan Drummers and the graceful movements of the traditional dancers enchant the gathered crowd, their mesmerizing performances infusing the atmosphere with energy and excitement.

Amidst a symphony of music and dance, elephants adorned in resplendent attire follow, accompanied by various groups of musicians, dancers, and flag bearers, each adding their unique flair to the procession’s spectacle.

A group of singers, draped in pristine white attire, heralds the arrival of the revered Maligawa Tusker, bearing the Sacred Tooth Relic with solemn reverence. Following closely behind is the dignified figure of the Diyawadana Nilame, resplendent in traditional Kandyan attire, his presence symbolizing the custodial responsibility bestowed upon him to safeguard the relic and uphold the sacred traditions.

As the procession unfolds, the Natha Devale and Vishnu Devale processions add to the grandeur, their ancient edifices bearing witness to centuries of devotion and reverence, further enriching the tapestry of this sacred tradition.

The procession of Kataragama Devale

The culmination of the grand procession is marked by the vibrant display of devotion at the Katharagama Devale, dedicated to the revered God of Kataragama deviyo, often identified with the valiant warrior god Skanda. Positioned on the illustrious Kottugodalle Vidiya in Kandy, this procession carries with it the fervent energy of devotees paying homage to this powerful deity.

A highlight of the Katharagama Devale procession is the captivating Kavadi, a mesmerizing dance where pilgrims bear semi-circular wooden contraptions adorned with peacock feathers upon their shoulders. This symbolic act of devotion evokes the spirit of Skanda, infusing the atmosphere with fervor and spiritual resonance.

As the procession unfolds, the final journey commences with the Pattini Devale, dedicated to the revered goddess Pattini, renowned for her association with healing infectious diseases and invoked during times of drought and famine. Situated to the West of the Natha Devale, this procession stands as a beacon of hope and resilience in the face of adversity.

Notably, the Pattini Devale procession distinguishes itself by incorporating women dancers, adding a graceful and enchanting touch to the spectacle. Their elegant movements and symbolic gestures honor the divine feminine and embody the spirit of compassion and healing that Pattini represents.

Together, these sacred processions form a harmonious tapestry of devotion, tradition, and cultural heritage, weaving together the diverse threads of Sri Lanka’s spiritual landscape into a vibrant and unforgettable celebration.

The following important times are announced by the firing of cannonballs, which can be heard all across Kandy.

The Randoli Perahera

The commencement of the Randoli Perahera marks the transition from the enchanting Kumbal Perahera, unfolding its majestic procession after five nights of captivating spectacle. The term “Randoli” harks back to the opulent palanquins once utilized by the esteemed Queens of reigning Kings, lending an air of regal grandeur to this segment of the festivities.

In the annals of history, the 2023 Kandy Esala Maha Perahera (Randoli Perahera) holds a special place, as it graced the sacred occasion of the full moon Poya day, observed on 30 August. On this auspicious day, the streets of Kandy overflowed with the devout, with hundreds of thousands converging to partake in the spiritual resonance of the procession.

As dusk descended and the city was aglow with the soft luminescence of lanterns and torches, the Randoli Perahera commenced its stately progression. Drums reverberated through the air, and the strains of traditional melodies stirred the soul, setting the stage for a spectacle of unparalleled magnificence.

Against this backdrop of fervor and reverence, the procession unfolded, a resplendent display of cultural heritage and religious devotion. With each step, the Randoli Perahera paid homage to centuries-old traditions, weaving together the threads of history, spirituality, and community.

In the heart of each participant and spectator alike, the 2023 Randoli Perahera left an indelible mark, a testament to the enduring significance of Sri Lanka’s cultural legacy and the unifying power of shared tradition.

Diya Kepeema and the Day Perahera

Following the grandeur of the Randoli Perahera, the culmination of the Kandy Esala Perahera unfolds with the sacred Diya Kepeema, a poignant water-cutting ceremony held at the tranquil Mahaweli River in Getambe, a town nestled a few miles from Kandy. This symbolic ritual serves as a solemn conclusion to the elaborate festivities, signifying purification and renewal.

As the sun sets on the final five nights of the Randoli Perahera, anticipation mounts for the revered Diya Kepeema. Amidst a hushed reverence, devotees gather along the banks of the Mahaweli River, awaiting the ceremonial proceedings that will mark the close of the grand pageant.

Against the backdrop of the serene river, illuminated by the soft glow of lanterns and torches, the water-cutting ceremony unfolds with grace and solemnity. Led by revered dignitaries and adorned in ceremonial attire, participants offer prayers and blessings, invoking divine favor and auspiciousness for the days ahead.

As the waters of the Mahaweli River ripple in reflection, the Day Perahera commences, a final tribute to the significance of the occasion. This daytime procession, imbued with a sense of serenity and reverence, offers devotees one last opportunity to partake in the sacred rituals and festivities that have unfolded over the preceding days.

Through the Diya Kepeema and the Day Perahera, the Kandy Esala Perahera draws to a close, leaving an indelible imprint on the hearts and minds of all who have borne witness to its splendor. In its wake, it leaves a legacy of spiritual devotion, cultural heritage, and communal unity that resonates far beyond the banks of the Mahaweli River.

Organization of the Perahera

The meticulous organization of the Perahera, intricately woven with tradition and reverence, is entrusted to the devoted hands of the Diyawadana Nilame, the custodian of the Temple of the Tooth. Tasked with ensuring the seamless execution of the sacred rituals, the Diyawadana Nilame summons a cadre of officials from the temple, delegating to them various ceremonial responsibilities integral to the Perahera’s proceedings.

Central to the coordination efforts is the auspicious timing, meticulously determined by the Nekath Mohottala, the esteemed advisor on astrological matters. With the guidance of celestial alignments, the stage is set for the Perahera’s solemn commencement.

The task of assembling the diverse array of drummers falls to the four officials known as the Panikka Mura Baarakaruwo, who meticulously orchestrate the rhythmic heartbeat of the procession.

Additionally, coordination extends to the majestic elephants that play a central role in the Perahera. The Maligawa officials convene with the elephant owners, most of whom are private individuals, ensuring their participation in the sacred event.

Meanwhile, dance troupes are given time to meticulously prepare, infusing their performances with artistry and devotion worthy of the occasion.

Lastly, the Basnayake Nilames, entrusted with the custodianship of the Devales, are tasked with organizing their respective processions, each procession a testament to the rich tapestry of Sri Lanka’s religious and cultural heritage.

Through the concerted efforts of these dedicated individuals and officials, the Perahera unfolds with grace and majesty, honoring the sacred traditions and spiritual legacy of Sri Lanka’s cherished cultural heritage.

Perahera Sandeshaya

Following the conclusion of the Perahera, a solemn ritual known as the Perahera Sandeshaya unfolds, serving as a ceremonial proclamation of the successful completion of the annual Esala Perahera. Led by the revered Diyawadana Nilame, this procession comprises the esteemed Nilames of the Sathara Maha Devalas and the rural devalas, each carrying a formal letter, or sannasa, addressed to the President.

With utmost reverence and solemnity, the procession makes its way to the President’s Pavilion, where the nation’s leader awaits. As the procession approaches, anticipation fills the air, mingling with the echoes of prayers and blessings uttered throughout the Perahera.

At the entrance to the President’s Pavilion, a sacred moment unfolds as the President receives the sannasa from the hands of the Diyawadana Nilame. In this poignant exchange, the President acknowledges the significance of the Perahera and the profound cultural heritage it represents.

Through the Perahera Sandeshaya, a timeless tradition is upheld, symbolizing the deep-rooted connection between the spiritual and temporal realms, and affirming the enduring bond between the nation’s leadership and its sacred traditions.